Nginx+uWSGI+Flask部署至Ubuntu

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利用Nginx和uWSGI将Flask部署至Ubuntu

前言

最近在学习flask，想做一个简单的示例Demo，并将其部署在服务器上。

因为服务器的80端口已用于展示个人博客，所以会将本项目监听于其他端口，定为8001。

服务器为Ubuntu 20.04（虚拟机），IP地址：192.168.75.138

正文

项目环境搭建

  1. 首先创建虚拟环境，项目文件之后也要放到该环境中

    创建目录/home/flask_demo，并进入该目录

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    sudo mkdir home/flask_demo
    cd home/flask_demo

  2. 安装虚拟环境

    命令如下：

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    sudo pip install virtualenv

  3. 生成文件夹ENV_flask，进入其中

    命令如下：

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    sudo virtualenv ENV_flask
    cd ENV_flask

  4. 激活虚拟环境

    命令如下：

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    source bin/activate

  5. 在虚拟环境下安装flask

    命令如下：

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    sudo pip install flask

  6. 将flask项目的Demo拷贝至/home/flask_demo/ENV_flask下

    这里用到Xftp，也可以采用其他方式

    最后ENV_flask目录的结构如下：

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    │  .gitignore
    │  app.py
    │  pyvenv.cfg
    │  
    ├─bin
    │      ...
    │      
    ├─lib
    │  	   ...
    │                  
    ├─static
    │  ├─css
    │  │       ...
    │  │      
    │  └─img
    │          ...
    │          
    ├─templates
    │      404.html
    │      base.html
    │      index.html
    │      
    └─__pycache__
            ....

    注意：如果拷贝文件不成功可能是目录权限的问题，需要修改

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    sudo chmod 777 -R /home/flask_demo/ENV_flask/

  7. 测试

    在该目录下执行命令：

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    flask run

    在http://127.0.0.1:5000/访问（这里直接展示虚拟机中的浏览器效果）

uwsgi

  1. 在虚拟环境中安装uwsgi

    命令如下：

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    sudo pip install uwsgi

  2. 在虚拟环境中编写uwsgi的配置文件flask_uwsgi.ini，文件名可随意

    命令如下：

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    vim flask_uwsgi.ini

    写入如下内容：

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    [uwsgi]
    master = true
    wsgi-file = app.py
    callable = app
    http = :8001
    processes = 4
    threads = 2
    buffer-size = 32768

    保存

    简要说明：

    • http=:8001：为了该阶段测试使用
    • callable = app：中的app需要与flask的Demo中的application变量名一致

  3. 测试

    在终端键入如下命令启动uwsgi服务：

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    uwsgi --ini flask_uwsgi.ini

    nohup uwsgi --ini flask_uwsgi.ini  #利用nohup可以无日志打印启动

    访问8001端口即可看到flask的Demo（这里依然直接用虚拟机的浏览器展示）

    如此，便完成了用uwsgi接管flask的目的

Nginx

现在使用Nginx对Demo进行代理

  1. 首先需要修改上一步在虚拟环境中创建的flask_uwsgi.ini配置文件

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    vim flask_uwsgi.ini

    对http = :8001条目进行修改

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    [uwsgi]
    master = true
    wsgi-file = app.py
    callable = app
    socket = 127.0.0.1:8001
    processes = 4
    threads = 2
    buffer-size = 32768

    如此，运行的uwsgi服务只能通过本地内部的8001端口进行访问，而不能通过浏览器使用http进行访问。所以下面就需要用nginx来做http代理。

  2. 返回根目录，安装Nginx

    命令如下：

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    cd /
    sudo apt-get install nginx

  3. 修改nginx的配置文件/etc/nginx/sites-available/default

    修改server部分

    由于之前部署过Hexo的服务，所以直接另外添加一个server

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    ...
    server {
            # listen 80 default_server;
            # listen [::]:80 default_server ipv6only=on;
            listen 8001;  # 监听端口，http默认80

            # root /usr/share/nginx/html;
            root /home/flask_demo/ENV_flask;      # flask项目根路径
            # index index.html index.htm;

            # Make site accessible from http://localhost/
            # server_name localhost;
            server_name 192.168.75.138;    # 公网ip或已解析ip的域名

            location / {
                    # First attempt to serve request as file, then
                    # as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
                    # try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
                    # Uncomment to enable naxsi on this location
                    # include /etc/nginx/naxsi.rules

                    include uwsgi_params;   # 使用nginx内置的uwsgi配置参数文件
                    uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8001;   # 转发请求到该地址端口
                    uwsgi_param UWSGI_SCRIPT main:app;   # 调用的脚本名称和application变量名
            }
    }
    ...

    所以完整的default配置文件内容如下：

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    ##
    # You should look at the following URL's in order to grasp a solid understanding
    # of Nginx configuration files in order to fully unleash the power of Nginx.
    # https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/
    # https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/tutorials/config_pitfalls/
    # https://wiki.debian.org/Nginx/DirectoryStructure
    #
    # In most cases, administrators will remove this file from sites-enabled/ and
    # leave it as reference inside of sites-available where it will continue to be
    # updated by the nginx packaging team.
    #
    # This file will automatically load configuration files provided by other
    # applications, such as Drupal or Wordpress. These applications will be made
    # available underneath a path with that package name, such as /drupal8.
    #
    # Please see /usr/share/doc/nginx-doc/examples/ for more detailed examples.
    ##

    # Default server configuration
    #

    # Hexo
    server {
    	listen 80 default_server;
    	listen [::]:80 default_server;

    	# SSL configuration
    	#
    	# listen 443 ssl default_server;
    	# listen [::]:443 ssl default_server;
    	#
    	# Note: You should disable gzip for SSL traffic.
    	# See: https://bugs.debian.org/773332
    	#
    	# Read up on ssl_ciphers to ensure a secure configuration.
    	# See: https://bugs.debian.org/765782
    	#
    	# Self signed certs generated by the ssl-cert package
    	# Don't use them in a production server!
    	#
    	# include snippets/snakeoil.conf;

    	root /var/www/hexo;

    	# Add index.php to the list if you are using PHP
    	index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;

    	server_name _;

    	location / {
    		# First attempt to serve request as file, then
    		# as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
    		try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    		
    	}

    	# pass PHP scripts to FastCGI server
    	#
    	#location ~ \.php$ {
    	#	include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
    	#
    	#	# With php-fpm (or other unix sockets):
    	#	fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock;
    	#	# With php-cgi (or other tcp sockets):
    	#	fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
    	#}

    	# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
    	# concurs with nginx's one
    	#
    	#location ~ /\.ht {
    	#	deny all;
    	#}
    }

    # Flask应用
    server {
            # listen 80 default_server;
            # listen [::]:80 default_server ipv6only=on;
            listen 8001;  # 监听端口，http默认80

            # root /usr/share/nginx/html;
            root /home/flask_demo/ENV_flask;      # flask项目根路径
            # index index.html index.htm;

            # Make site accessible from http://localhost/
            # server_name localhost;
            server_name 192.168.75.138;    # 公网ip或已解析ip的域名

            location / {
                    # First attempt to serve request as file, then
                    # as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
                    # try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
                    # Uncomment to enable naxsi on this location
                    # include /etc/nginx/naxsi.rules

                    include uwsgi_params;   # 使用nginx内置的uwsgi配置参数文件
                    uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8001;   # 转发请求到该地址端口
                    uwsgi_param UWSGI_SCRIPT main:app;   # 调用的脚本名称和application变量名
            }
    }

    # Virtual Host configuration for example.com
    #
    # You can move that to a different file under sites-available/ and symlink that
    # to sites-enabled/ to enable it.
    #
    #server {
    #	listen 80;
    #	listen [::]:80;
    #
    #	server_name example.com;
    #
    #	root /var/www/example.com;
    #	index index.html;
    #
    #	location / {
    #		try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    #	}
    #}

    保存退出

  4. 重新启动Nginx服务

    命令如下：

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    sudo service nginx restart

  5. 最后回到虚拟环境（项目根目录）下，启动uwsgi服务

    命令如下：

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    cd home/flask_demo/ENV_flask/

    uwsgi --ini flask_uwsgi.ini

  6. 效果展示

    通过宿主机浏览器，访问服务器IP:8001，就可以看到效果啦

可能遇到的问题

启动uwsgi服务时发现端口被占用

probably another instance of uWSGI is running on the same address (:xxxx).

可以使用如下命令关停该端口：

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sudo fuser -k Port/tcp

例如：关停8001端口：sudo fuser -k 8001/tcp

再重新启动uwsgi服务就可以了

后记

如果想要利用Nginx部署多个服务，直接在default配置文件中添加server项即可。

参考资料：

ubuntu+nginx+uwsgi+flask的安装和配置_ReeseIMK的博客-CSDN博客

Flask+uwsgi+Nginx的简易搭建(ubuntu)_Yvettre的博客-CSDN博客

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